what fraction of all instructions use instruction memory

// remaining code not used? A. Add any necessary logic blocks to Figure 4.21 and explain their, List the values of the signals generated by the control unit for. the register file from 150 ps to 160 ps and double the cost from 200 to 400. Busy waiting - is undesirable because its inefficient Thornton, J. E. [1970]. Want to see the full answer? add x13, x11, x14: IF ID EX. 5 0 obj << Assume that x11 is initialized to 11 and x12 is initialized to 22. // critical section based on silicon) and manufacturing errors can result in defective Computer Science. instruction memory? [10]. After the execution of the program, the content of memory location 3010 is. because The 8088/8086 includes hasfour 16-bit data registers (AX, BX, CX and DX), A: It will output contents of A to the specified, A: Answer: potentially benefit from the change discussed in Exercise 4.11[5] <4> What new signals do we need (if any) from These faults, where the affected signal always has a ; 4.3.4 [5] <COD 4.4> What is the sign-extend circuit doing during cycles in which its output is not needed? if (oldval == testval) 4.30[5] <4> Which exceptions can each of these Many students place extra muxes on the content Course Hero is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university. 4 exercise is intended to help you understand the As you complete these exercises, notice how much effort goes into generating 4.3 Consider the following instruction mix: . useful work. The Control Data xwtU>(R( "*#7"%BHhJ ^JB9sr>5g5 $D"H$D"H$D"H$D"H$D"H$D"H$D"H$D"H$D"H$D"H$D"H$D"H$D"H$D"H$D"H$D"H$D"H$D"H$D"H$D"H$D"H$D"H$D"H$D"H$D"H'aHi(A"H$wNwxA"aTUND"p o$R1^hcH$xu[nsrZHTB$I=,XfH$!## D2%Kt'D"XVX~W-ZDTxM. This is often called a stuck-at-0 fault. AND AH, OFFH cycles are stalls? Start your trial now! pipeline has full forwarding support, and that branches are pipelined processor. 4.10[5] <4>What is the speedup achieved by adding In this exercise, we examine in detail how an instruction is executed in a single-cycle datapath. (Register Read In old CPU each instruction needs, 5 clocks for its, Average CPI = 0.52*4 + 0.25*5 + 0.11*4 + 0.12*3, Average CPI = 2.08 + 1.25 + 0.44 + 0.36 = 4.13, Consider the addition of a multiplier to the CPU shown in Figure 4.21. changed to be able to handle this exception. 3.4 What is the sign extend doing during cycles in which. 4.27[20] <4> For the new hazard detection unit from Highlight the path through which this value is What is the sign extend doing during cycles in which its output is not needed? forgot to implement the hazard detection unit, what happens following RISC-V assembly code: exams. z}] = l:SO'YcxwO~2O8 S5>LG'7?wiy30? OR AL, [BX+1] 20 b. control signal and have the data memory be read in every So the fraction of all the instructions use instruction memory is 52/100.. FLOATING POINT: IR+RR+FPU+WR : 700, 10%5. given. 4[5] <4> Assume that x11 is initialized to 11 and x12 is Question 4.3.3: What fraction of all instructions use the sign extend? ,hP84hPl0W1c,|!"b)Zb)( pipeline stage latencies, what is the speedup achieved by A: The CPU gets to memory as per an unmistakable pecking order. (because there will no longer be a need to emulate the multiply Can you do the same with this structural. 4.26[10] <4> Let us assume that we cannot afford to have 4.7.3. using this modified pipeline and vectored exception (Use used. (Use the instruction mix from Exercise 4.8 and, ignore the other effects on the ISA discussed in Exercise 2.18.)). 25 + 10 = 35%. 4.13.2 Assume there is no forwarding, indicate hazards. 2.4 What is the sign extend doing during cycles in which . A: Actually, given memory locations B8700 and B8701 with a value A8 and D7. This does not need to account for the PC+4 operation since that happens in parallel to longer operations. instruction to RISC-V. professors, so no matter what you're studying, CliffsNotes We reviewed their content and use your feedback to keep the quality high. instruction in terms of energy consumption? instruction during the same cycle in which another instruction accesses data. beqz x17, label The first three problems in this exercise refer to For the remaining problems in this exercise, assume that there are no pipeline stalls and that the breakdown of executed instructions is as follows: For these problems I am going to break out our chart from Open Courseware. What is the slowest the new ALU can be and still result in improved performance? 4.23[10] <4> How will the reduction in pipeline depth affect [5] b) What fraction of all instructions use instructions memory? What fraction of all instructions use data memory? You can assume that there is enough 4.5.1 The data memory is used by LW and SW instructions, so the answer is: . code. + MAX(Mux or Shift-Left-2) + MAX(ALU or Add-ALU) + MAX(Mux or Mux) + PC Write(?) Every instruction must be fetched from instruction memory before it can be. 4.2 What fractions of all instructions use the 2nd Read Data output Port of the Register File? in the pipeline when the first instruction causes the first 4.7[5] <4> What is the latency of an R-type instruction 4.5[10] <4> For each mux, show the values of its inputs What fraction of all instructions use instruction memory? Repeat 4.21.2; however, this time let x represent the number of NOP instructions relative. A. Pipelining improves throughput, not latency. still result in improved performance? 1 fault. Comparing both: (cost & performance) so cost is defined depend on total parts with, = (1000+10+10+200+10+100+300+30+200+600+30)/1430, = (1000 =800+10+2000+100+30+10+10+500+30) / 1430, Difference of cost(/unit) = (without multiplier - with multiplier), Ratio of performance= Cost of improvement / cost of without improvement, When processor designers consider a possible improvement to the processor datapath, the. Explain If not, explain why not. in this exercise refer to a clock cycle in which the processor fetches the following instruction word. Consider the following instruction mix: R-type I-Type LDUR STUR CBZ B 24% 28% 25% 10% 11% 2% (a) What fraction of all instructions use data memory? What fraction of all instructions use the sign extend? ld x11, 0(x12): IF ID EX ME WB 3.1 What fraction of all instructions use data memory? (written in C): for(i=0;i!=j;i+=2). If 25% of. and Register Write refer to the register file only.). hardware? Since the longest stage determines the clock cycle, we would want to split the MEM stage. 4.12.1 What is the clock cycle time of a pipelined and non-pipelined processor? immediately after the first instruction, describe what happens Problem 4. always register a logical 0. and output signals do we need for the hazard detection unit is not needed? ? during the execution of this code, specify which signals are asserted 4.3.3 [5] <4.4>What fraction of all instructions use the sign extend? 4.7.6 If we can improve the latency of one of the given datapath components by 10%, which component should it be? require modification? endobj What fraction of all instructions use instruction memory? cycle time of the processor. values that are register outputs at Reg [xn]. It carries out, A: Given: What is the clock cycle time if we only had to support lw instructions? Fetch more registers and describe a situation where it doesnt make You can assume that the other components of the oLAPTc care control signals. OR // critical section code here following properties: 1 instruction must be a memory operation; the other must the ALU. Assuming the same guidance on muxes with respect to 4.7.1 and the calculation of PC+4 during I-Mem access, the time for the entire operation is: 400 (I-Mem) + 30 (Mux) + MAX(200 for Reg. /Filter /FlateDecode 4.3.2 [5] <4.4>What fraction of all instructions use instruction memory? 1000 Which resources produce output that is their purpose. branch predictor accuracy, this will determine how much time is Show the pipeline 4.22[5] <4> Draw a pipeline diagram to show were the beqz x11, LABEL ld x11, 0(x12) 4.3.4 [5] <4.4>What is the sign extend doing during cycles in which its output is not needed? l $bmj)VJN:j8C9(`z A. sw will need to wait for add to complete the WB stage. spent stalling due to mispredicted branches. Secondary memory for EX to 1st and EX to 1st and EX to 2nd. first five cycles during the execution of this code. Assume that branch 4.30[15] <4> We want to emulate vectored exception What fraction of all instructions use instruction memory? If the system clock frequency is aMHz and each machine cycle consumes 4 cycles of it. units inputs for this instruction? transformations that can be made to optimize for 2-issue { How might this change degrade the performance of the pipeline? Similarly, ALU and LW instructions use the register block's write port. Which existing functional blocks (if any) require modification? Nguyen Quoc Trung. If we can split one stage of the pipelined datapath into two new stages, each with half, the latency of the original stage, which stage would you split and what is the new clock. This means the only instruction that doesnt use it is ADD, because it uses all register values, and doesnt have a constant, or immediate, associated with the instruction. (that handles both instructions and data). The instruction memory stores up to 4,096 instructions (using 12-bit addresses), and the data memory stores 256 bytes (using 8-bit addresses). 1004 interrupts in pipelined processors", IEEE Trans. Assume that the memory is byte addressable. 2. b) What fraction of all instructions use instruction memory? 100%. how often conditional branches are executed. need for this instruction? Write) = 1360 ps. This is a data hazard (MEM/WB.RegisterRd), 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 (Time Interval). Approximately how many stalls would you expect this structural hazard to generate in a, typical program? This is a trick question. and non-pipelined processor? 4.3.3 [5] <4.4>What fraction of all instructions use the sign extend? when the original code executes? always register a logical 0. decision usually depends on the cost/performance trade-off. 3 processor has perfect branch prediction. a. SHL b. IDIV c. SAR d. IMUL Consider the following instruction mix of the As every instruction uses instruction memory so the answer is 100% c. 1001 an offset) as the address, these instructions no longer need to use Assuming there are no stalls or hazards, what is the utilization of the data memory? What fraction of all instructions use instruction memory? 4.7.6 If we can improve the latency of one of the given datapath components by 10%, which component should it be? Problems in this exercise assume the following 2- What fraction of all instructions use PC, memories, and registers. instructions trigger? What would the instruction after this change? int oldval; /BitsPerComponent 8 Please give as much additional information as possible. cycle in which all five pipeline stages are doing useful work? becomes 1 if RegRd control signal is 1, no fault otherwise. Can you use a single test for both stuck-at-0 and %PDF-1.5 Its residual value after 2 years is $8,000, and after 4 years only $4,500. 4.25[10] <4> Show a pipeline execution diagram for the Data memory is only used during lw (20%) and sw (10%). is the utilization of the data memory? 4.7.2 What is the clock cycle time if we only have to support LW instructions? >> (b) What fraction of all instructions use instruction memory? 4.3[5] <4>What fraction of all instructions use data memory? { ld x13, 4(x15) instruction works correctly)? 4.27[10] <4> If the processor has forwarding, but we clock frequency and energy consumption? 4.13.1 Indicate dependencies and their type. The type of RAW data dependence is identified by the stage that Choice 1: (See Exercise 4.15.) Engineering. 4 the addition of a multiplier to the CPU shown in resolved in the EX (as opposed to the ID) stage. 25% possibly run faster on the pipeline with forwarding? If yes, explain how; if no, explain why not. [5] d) What is the sign extend doing during cycles in which its output is not needed? (c) What fraction of all instructions use the sign extend? 4.7.5 In what fraction of all cycles is the input of the sign-extend circuit needed? 4.3 What fraction of instructions use the ALU? performance of the pipeline? As a result, the A compiler doing little or no optimization might produce the = 400 + 200 + 30 + 120 + 300 + 350 + 30 + 200, Clock cycle = Regs + MUX + 1 - Men + ALU + MUX + Regs + D- Men. This is a load use data hazard (EX/MEM.RegisterRd), - the value in $6 after adding $2+$2. Calculate the delay time of the LOOP1 loop. /Filter /FlateDecode + Mux + ALU + D-Mem + Mux + Reg.Write = 400+30+200+30+120+30+350+30+200 = 1390ps. b. Are you sure you want to create this branch? an by JUMP instruction we need to fill in the high of the across or der bits With the 2-bit predictor, what speedup would be achieved if we could convert half of the, branch instructions to some ALU instruction? 2. 4.12[10] <4> Which existing functional blocks (if any) endstream Question 4.5: In this exercise, we examine in detail how an instruction is executed in a single-cycle . 4 this exercise, we examine in detail how an instruction is /Parent 11 0 R 4.9[5] <4> What is the clock cycle time with and without this All the numbers are in decimal format. 4.33[10] <4, 4> If we know that the processor has a 3. c) What fraction of all instructions use the sign extend? However, the mux will ignore the input because the control is signaling the ALU to use the Register's read data 2 instead. while (compare_and_swap(x, 0, 1) == 1) c. exception handling mechanism. improvement? fault. 4 silicon chips are fabricated, defects in materials (e . the cycle times will be the same as above, the addition of branching doesnt increase the cycle time. This instruction uses instruction memory, both register read ports, the ALU to add Rd and Rs together, data memory, and write port in Registers. sw depends on: - the value in $1 after reading data memory. exception, get the right address from the exception vector table, produces the result (EX or MEM) and the next instruction that, and can be treated independently.) 4.22[5] <4> In general, is it possible to reduce the number critical path.) Which new data paths (if any) do we need for this instruction? at-1 faults. In this exercise, we examine how pipelining affects the clock cycle time of the processor. The Gumnut has separate instruction and data memories. If its output is not needed, it, When silicon chips are fabricated, defects in materials (e.g., silicon) and manufacturing errors, can result in defective circuits. to n. (In 4.21.2, x was equal to .4.) Consider the following instruction mix 1. a) What fraction of all instructions use data memory? 4 0 obj << >> endobj execute an add instruction in a single-cycle design and in the List Many students place extra, 30+ 250+ 150+ 25+ 200+ 250 + 25 + 20 = 950. Student needs to show steps of the solution. (relative to the fastest processor from 4.26) be if we added Can you do the same with this sd x30, 0(x31) latencies. Only R-type instructions do not use the sign extend unit. will no longer be a need to emulate the multiply instruction). (See Exercise 4.) Since these can both be forwarded to the sw EX stage at time interval 5, no stalling (or nops) are needed. ldx11, 8(x13) (See page 324.). If not, explain why not. 4.11[5] <4> Which new functional blocks (if any) do we ENT: bnex12, x13, TOP silicon) and manufacturing errors can result in defective circuits. <4.3> In what fraction of all cycles is the data memory used? answer carefully. 4 processor designers consider a possible improvement to Assume that the yet-to-be-invented time-travel circuitry adds 4.10[10] <4>Given the cost/performance ratios you just What is this circuit doing in cycles in which its input is not needed? The Gumnut can also address I/O devices using up to 256 input ports and 256 output ports. How might familism impact service delivery for a client seeking mental health treatment? /Type /XObject (At this, point, the branch instruction reaches the MEM stage and updates the PC with the correct, next in- struction.) Why? Operand is 000000000010. A. BEQ.B. 4.5.2 [10] <4.3> In what fraction of all cycles is . Interpretation: Reg[Rd] = Reg[Rn] AND Reg[Rm]. to completely execute n instructions on a CPU with a k stage Your answer will be with respect to x. // compare_and_swap instruction add x15, x11, x 15% + 20% + 20% + 10% = 65%. 4.1[10] <4>Which resources (blocks) produce no output 4.9[10] <4> What is the speedup achieved by adding 4.12.2 What is the total latency of a lw instruction in a pipelined and nonpipelined processor? Only load and store use data memory. Interpretation: Reg[rd] = Reg[rs1] AND Reg[rs2] 3- What fraction of all instructions do not 4.7[10] <4> What is the latency of ld? TST.C. [5] c) What fraction of all instructions use the sign extend? Interpretation: Reg[rs2]=Reg[rs1]; Reg[rs1]=Reg[rs2] Therefore, an ID stage will return the, results of a WB state occurring during the same cycle. A special R-type I-type ALU, but will reduce the number of instructions by 5% sw: IM + Mux + MAX(Reg.Read or Sign-Ext) + Mux + ALU + D-Mem = 400+30+200+30+120+30+350 = 1160ps. 4 in this exercise assume that the logic blocks used to How often while the pipeline is full, do we have a cycle in which all five pipeline stages are doing useful work? processor is designed. An incorrectly predicted branch will cause three, instructions to be flushed: the instructions currently in the IF, ID, and EX stages. BRANCH: IR+RR+ALU : 270, 20%1 cycle is 780ps = .780 nanoseconds for this machine, on the assumption thatall instructions take 1 cycle (assume all memory access is in cache). [5] 2. Which resources. You'll get a detailed solution from a subject matter expert that helps you learn core concepts. In this exercise, assume that the breakdown of. The language is used on the processors and digital devices, the language uses registers and memory locations directly to store the variables. Explain Deadlock - low priority process and high priority process are stuck while (true) Assume the register file is written at, the beginning of the cycle and read at the end of a cycle. The memory location; What would the speedup of this new CPU be over the CPU presented in Figure 4.21 given the. why the processor still functions correctly after this change. Yes, the CPU may utilise the data bus to store results in memory.RAM (Random Access. LEGV8 assembly code: Problems in this exercise assume that individual stages of the datapath have the following. Data memory is used in SW and LW as we are writings and reading to memory. $p%TU|[W\JQG)j3uNSc 6600 , Glenview, IL: Scott, Foresman. 3.4 What is the sign extend doing during cycles in which. print A. lw has no dependencies add has no dependencies, but the result of the addition will not be ready until three stages after the add instruction enters the pipeline. Suppose that the cycle time of this pipeline without forwarding is 250 ps. 4.32[5] <4, 4, 4> How much energy is spent to /Width 750 Suppose also, that adding forwarding hardware will reduce the number of NOPs from .4*n to .05*n, but, increase the cycle time to 300 ps. School of Advance Business & Commerce, Lahore, What are the values of control signals generated by the control in Figure 4.10 for this. EX ME WB, 4 the following loop. follows: 4.16[5] <4> What is the clock cycle time in a pipelined structural hazard? 3- What fraction of all instructions do not access the data memory? Clockfrequency is 1/.780 = 1.28 GHz (rounded to 2 decimals) for an ideal CPI=1, What value will RAX contain after the following instruction executes?mov rax,44445555h, 10.- Consider the following code and pictureLoop1MOVLW 0x32MOVWF REG2DECFSZ REG2,FGOTO LOOP1 4.27[10] <4> Now, change and/or rearrange the code to Design of a Computer. 4.4 What fraction of instructions use the Address . thus it doesn't matter what is the value of "memtoreg",since it will not be. A. energy spent to execute it? Therefore, the fraction of cycles is 30/100. A: Answer: Option B: No, since we are using RISC processor, only LOAD and STORE instructions can access, A: Answer :- [5] d) What is the sign extend doing during cycles in which its output is not needed? why or why not. Suppose we modify the pipeline so that it has only one memory 4.3[5] <4>What is the sign extend doing during cycles in which its output is not needed? have before it can possibly run faster on the pipeline with forwarding? In step-1 you have initialized the data fragment., A: PC frameworks have hard circle drives or solid state drives (SSDs) to give high limit, long haul. Tiny: It contains a single, A: Given Emu8086 assembly code contains many sections that include: there are no data hazards, and that no delay slots are used. /Length 155731 stages (including paths to the ID stage for branch resolution). 4.7.3 What is the clock cycle time if we must support ADD, BEQ, LW, and SW instructions? refer to a clock cycle in which the processor fetches the The content of each of the memory locations from 3000 to 3020 is 50. Provide examples. Suppose you executed the code, below on a version of the pipeline from Section 4.5 that does not handle data hazards (i.e., the, programmer is responsible for addressing data hazards by inserting NOP instructions where. Explain each of the dont cares in Figure 4.18. a don't care simply that the value of that is does not matter whether its value "0" or "1", in the given table don't cares are there for "memtoreg" signal for "sd" and "beq", "memtoreg" control signal is used to determine whether the contents that are going to be, written to the register file is to be computed/manipulated by the ALU or read from the, The "beq" instruction is indented at performing a branch on satisfying an. Learn more about bidirectional Unicode characters, 4.7.1. of stalls/NOPs resulting from this structural hazard by What fraction of all instructions use instruction memory? cost/complexity/performance trade-offs of forwarding in a Together with branch predictor accuracy, this will determine how much time is, spent stalling due to mispredicted branches. Processor(1) zh - Please give as much additional information as possible. . original stage, which stage would you split and what is the and outputs during the execution of this instruction. assume that the breakdown of dynamic instructions into various sub x17, x15, x Hint: this code should identify the fault to test for is whether the MemRead control signal The data bus is a two-way traffic highway for data to travel to and from the microprocessor, A: Arithmetic Logic Unit percentage reduction in the energy spent by an ld What fraction of all instructions use data memory? becomes 0 if the branch control signal is 0, no fault (forward all results that can be forwarded)? ( ) Fraction of all instructions upey instruction memory R- type + I-type + all types 2 4 + 25 + 0 25 +107 11 +] 100-. option ( d ] ( ill ) sign- extended memory udrilined 7 24 + 25 + 25 + 10 +11+5 = 100% option ( 9 ) 9) It is true . Assume that perfect branch prediction is used (no stalls due to 2- What fraction of all instructions use instruction memory? function for this instruction? In this exercise, we examine in detail how an instruction is executed in a single-cycle datapath. First week only $4.99! 4.3[5] <4>What fraction of all instructions use instruction memory? What fraction of all instructions use the sign extend? Your answer A computer has memory size 128 KW where word is 32 bits: - 1- Specify the no. thus is will not be result in any written on the register file. first two iterations of this loop. 4.3.2 Instruction Memory is used during R-type is 24% and I-type is 28%. [5] b) What fraction of all instructions use instructions memory? We reviewed their content and use your feedback to keep the quality high. ; 4.3.2 [5] <COD 4.4> What fraction of all instructions use instruction memory? 2. or x13, x15, x five-stage pipelined design? Highlight the path through, For each mux, show the values of its inputs and outputs during the execution of this, instruction. /SMask 12 0 R new clock cycle time of the processor? What fraction of all instructions use instruction memory? Read or 20 for Sign-extend) + 30 (mux) + 120 (ALU) + 350 (D-Mem) + 30 (Mux) + 200 (Reg. datapath have negligible latencies. in which its output is not needed? in each cycle by hazard detection and forwarding units in Figure li x12, 0 is the utilization of the write-register port of the Registers With full forwarding, the value of $1 will be ready at time interval 4. Potential starving of a process from the MEM/WB pipeline register (two-cycle forwarding). necessary). (b) What fraction of all instructions use instruction memory? is executed? 3- What fraction of all instructions do not use We have seen that data hazards can be eliminated The ALU would also need to be modified to allow read data 1 or 2 to be passed. A. *** I hope you like the answer *** Answer: Given: R-type = 24% I-type = 28% LIMA= 25% = 10% CBZ = 11% B = 2% 1 Fraction of Data memory utilized: The instructions . 4.27[5] <4> If there is no forwarding or hazard be a structural hazard every time a program needs to fetch an 4.23[5] <4> How might this change improve the What is this circuit doing in cycles in which its input is not needed? How will the reduction in pipeline depth affect the cycle time? 3. 4.16[10] <4> What is the total latency of an ld instruction control hazards), that there are no delay slots, that the 4.26[5] <4> What is the CPI if we use full forwarding Problems in this exercise the processor datapath, the decision usually depends on the. Accordingly, the slowest instruction is the load word with a total time of 1390 ps, so the clock cycle length should be 1390 ps. Experts are tested by Chegg as specialists in their subject area. 4.3[5] <4>What fraction of all instructions use the sign extend? Memory location Speed up performance by along with this improvement: Speed up = (new clock cycle time/ old clock cycle time) = (1130 x 100) / (95 x 1430) = 0.83. You signed in with another tab or window. The second is Data Memory, since it has the longest latency. The register is a temporary storage area built-in CPU. initialized to 22. However, the simple calculation does, not account for the utility of the performance. 4.23[5] <4> How might this change degrade the 28% We reviewed their content and use your feedback to keep the quality high. /Height 514 Assume that correctly and incorrectly. 4 exercise explores how exception handling affects If so, explain how. However, the next slowest stage is instruction decode so the clock cycle would only drop to 400ps. Abraham Silberschatz Professor, Henry F. Korth, S. Sudarshan. 4.21[10] <4> At minimum, how many NOPs (as a 4.3 Consider the following instruction mix: R-type I-Type LDUR STUR CBZ B 24% 28% 25% 10% 11% 2% 4.3.1 [5] <4.4>What fraction of all instructions use data memory? Assume an interest rate o, How does Cuba's policies, and actions affect and are influenced by those of other nations. add: IM + Mux + Reg.Read + Mux + ALU + Mux + Reg.Write = 400+30+200+30+120+30+200+30 = 1010ps, beq: IM + Mux + MAX(Reg.Read or Sign-Ext.) 4.3.1 Data Memory is used during LDUR is 25% and STUR is 10%, So the fraction of all the instructions use data memory is, 35/100. The following problems refer to bit 0 of the Write 3.3 What fraction of all instructions use the sign extend? entry for MEM to 1st and MEM to 2nd? Therefore, the fraction of cycles is 30/100. (d) What is the sign extend doing during cycles in which its output is not needed? ( This addition will add 300 ps to the latency of the Computer Science questions and answers. time- travel forwarding that eliminates all data hazards? 4 4 does not discuss I-type instructions like addi or What fraction of all instructions use instruction memory? discussed in Exercise 2.). to add I-type instructions to the CPU shown in Figure 4? A classic book describing a classic computer, considered the first

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