how did islam spread through military conquest

"Fight them until there is no persecution "and until worship is Whether or not Islam provided the motivation for early Muslim imperialism, it could be used to provide justification for it - in the same way that it had previously been used to support Muhammad's own actions against his opponents. "In most cases, worldly "But transgress not the limits." "Earlier generations of European scholars "believed that conversion to Islam "were made by the point of the sword, "and that conquered people's people weren't going from being independent to being Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Direct link to David Alexander's post Man, that looks like a ho, Posted 4 years ago. The Islamic conquests, which culminated in the Arab empire being established across three continents ( Asia, Africa, and Europe ), enriched the Muslim world, achieving the economic preconditions for the emergence of this institution owing to the emphasis attached to Islamic teachings. Simply put, Islam may have sped the conquests, but it also showed much greater staying power. The people of the Islamic world created numerous sophisticated centers of culture and science with far-reaching mercantile networks, travelers, scientists, hunters, mathematicians, physicians, and philosophers, all contributing to the Islamic Golden Age. This powerful provocation helped ignite the flame of fury that led to the First Crusade. Another development is that of transnational Islam, elaborated upon by the French Islam researchers Gilles Kepel and Olivier Roy. To log in and use all the features of Khan Academy, please enable JavaScript in your browser. They paid a special tax; they were not supposed to wear certain colors; they could not marry Muslim women;."[23]. like the Spanish Inquisition, or some aspects of the Crusades, or some of what we saw in the New World with the conquistadors, where During the eighth century, large parts of India were Islamized, while Muslim armies also began the occupation of Spain, portions of which remained Islamic until the end of the fifteenth century. Women did contribute to Islam - in fact the first person to convert was the Prophet Muhammad's (PBUH)own wife. At the same time, the Byzantines continued to attempt to regain their lost territories, including Jerusalem. "And kill them wherever you overtake them "and expel them from wherever they have expelled you, "and persecution is worse than killing." [79] However, during the next three centuries these Buddhist, Shamanistic and Christian Turkic and Mongol nomads of the Kazakh Steppe and Xinjiang would also convert at the hands of competing Sufi orders from both east and west of the Pamirs. "And if they cease, then indeed "God is forgiving and merciful. Image credit: By the late Abbasid period, Muslim rule was no longer an Arab phenomenon. Direct link to i 's post After the death of Muhamm, Posted 5 years ago. around the life of Mohammed. In 1212 the crucial Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa meant the recovery of the bulk of the peninsula for the Christian kingdoms. Direct link to David Alexander's post The fight was mainly over, Posted 6 months ago. In the 1330s, the Mongol ruler of the Chagatai Khanate (in Central Asia) converted to Islam, causing the eastern part of his realm (called Moghulistan) to rebel. Since the 1960s, many Muslims have migrated to Western Europe. If there's a Muslim ruling class, and if you want to be associated Muslim Heritage - Al-Qayrawan, seat of Arab governors founded in 670, Muslim Heritage - Umayyad Coins (661-750CE). 600 - 1450 Regional and interregional interactions. So to some degree, those who would see the nuance in this passage, "[21] In contrast, for tribal, nomadic, monotheistic societies, "Islam was substituted for a Byzantine or Sassanian political identity and for a Christian, Jewish or Zoroastrian religious affiliation. At the outset, they were hostile to conversions because new Muslims diluted the economic and status advantages of the Arabs. Direct link to Hecretary Bird's post Having a shared religion , Posted 5 years ago. On this timeline here, the Harun Abu Jafar (786-809), sent the keys of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre to Charlemagne, who built a hospice for Latin pilgrims near the shrine.[34]. they say, hey look, this is talking about killing In Vietnam, the Cham people proselytized due to contact with traders and missionaries from Kelantan. It is intrinsically linked to the issues of formation of national identities and rival territorial claims of the Balkan states. Yet the Marwanids also depended heavily on the help of non-Arab administrative personnel and on administrative practices (e.g., a set of government bureaus). However, the modern-day history of the Islamization of the region - or rather a conscious affiliation with Islam - dates to the reign of the ulus of the son of Genghis Khan, Jochi, who founded the Golden Horde,[76] which operated from the 1240s to 1502. The result, he points out, can be seen in the diversity of Muslim societies today, with varying manifestations and practices of Islam. community, of the ummah, goes to the kalifs, and Regional rulers, who did not have to manage such vast territories, were able to expand more fruitfully in single directions. Earlier generations of European scholars believed that conversions to Islam were made at the point of the sword, and that conquered peoples were given the choice of conversion or death. or a Martin Luther King. During these hundreds of years and expansion of the Islamic Empire . from a religious point of view, you can look at some of the After the reconquest of Spain by Christian forces, much of the scientific knowledge that was developed by Muslims came to Western Europe through Spain. Muslims of Central Asian origin played a major role in the Mongol conquest of China. In Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E. J.; Heinrichs, W. P. () In most cases, worldly and spiritual motives for conversion blended together. Was It caused because the Zoroastrianism system was weak or because Islam is most effective in synthesis of the two spiritual traditions? It was perhaps this political decentralization and destabilization that led to the spread of Islam beyond the massive Abbasid empires borders. to spread this rapidly. Islam spread through military conquest, trade, pilgrimage, and missionaries. It's definitely not the Embedded within these lies the concept of Islam as a foreign imposition and Hinduism being natural condition of the natives who resisted, resulting in the failure of the project to Islamicize the Indian subcontinent is highly embroiled with the politics of the partition and communalism in India. No previous conqueror had tried to assimilate the Berbers, but the Arabs quickly converted them and enlisted their aid in further conquests. Trade played the biggest role of why it spread so quickly because it went to Spain, Africa, and Europe. For example, interaction between Arab Muslim forces and the Tang dynasty may have resulted in the exchange of the technology of paper, which revolutionized the Muslim world and later traveled to Europe. Direct link to birdybunny's post So how was Muhammad succe, Posted 2 years ago. Christians, that Islam, according to Islamic tradition follows in the same tradition of. God those who fight you, "but transgress not the limits. They replaced Greek, Persian, and Coptic with Arabic as the main administrative language and reinforced an Arab Islamic identity. Sufism emerged early on in Islamic history, partly as a reaction against the worldliness of the early Umayyad Caliphate (661750) and mainly under the tutelage of Hasan Al-Basri. Judaism and Christianity were practiced in Muslim empires. So how was Muhammad successful with spreading Islamic faith? ordinarily wished to dominate "rather than convert, and most conversions "to Islam were voluntary. [4] These trends are the conversions from the state religion that had already plagued the Zoroastrian authorities that continued after the Arab conquest, coupled with the migration of Arab tribes into the region during an extended period of time that stretched well into the Abbasid reign. [68] Eventually, after numerous wars sapped its strength, the Mughal Empire was broken into smaller powers like Shia Nawab of Bengal, the Nawab of Awadh, the Nizam of Hyderabad, and the Kingdom of Mysore, which became the major Asian economic and military power on the Indian subcontinent. In the wake of the Ridda wars, and of the Arabs' sudden conquest of most of the Near East, the new religion became identified more sharply as a monotheism for the Arab people. military campaigns spread north of medina, west to europe and east towards asia. After the death of Timur in 1405, power began to shift from migrating peoples to sedentary populations living in large centralized empires. [4] Still at the end of the Umayyad period, the Muslim community was only a minority in the region. 74, Sturrock, J., South Canara and Madras District Manual (2 vols., Madras, 1894-1895), Eaton, "5. From there, Islam spread to modern-day Malaysia and Indonesia. If you lived in the Islamic empire, and were not Muslim, what did you have to do? Image credit: Just as religious institutions were gaining stability, political establishments were becoming even more unstable. Most of those laws were elaborations of basic laws concerning non-Muslims (dhimmis) in the Quran, which does not give much detail about the right conduct with non-Muslims, but it in principle recognises the religion of "People of the Book" (Jews, Christians and sometimes others as well) and securing a separate tax from them that replaces the zakat, which is imposed upon Muslim subjects. He established a new unified polity in Arabia that . Conversion to Islam also came about as a result of the breakdown of historically-religiously organized societies: with the weakening of many churches, for example, and the favouring of Islam and the migration of substantial Muslim Turkish populations into the areas of Anatolia and the Balkans, the "social and cultural relevance of Islam" were enhanced and a large number of peoples were converted. [45], Robert Hoyland argues that the missionary efforts of the relatively small number of Arab conquerors in Persian lands led to "much interaction and assimilation" between rulers and ruled, and to descendants of the conquerors adapting the Persian language and Persian festivals and culture,[52] (Persian being the language of modern-day Iran, while Arabic is spoken by its neighbors to the west.). They were regarded as the 'People of the Book', those who possessed a revealed scripture, or 'People of the Covenant', with whom compacts of protection had been made. The Rashidun can be credited for military expansion, but did Islam truly spread through their conquests? Muslim conquests following Muhammad's death led to the creation of the caliphates, occupying a vast geographical area; conversion to Islam was boosted by Arab Muslim forces conquering vast territories and building imperial structures over time. Please consider upgrading your browser software or enabling style sheets (CSS) if you are able to do so. Image credit: Eventually, multiple small states emerged where the Abbasids once ruled exclusively. Only toward the end of that period, in about 710, did the first major spread of Islam to non-Arabs take place, among the Berber (or Amazigh) population of North Africa. As Islamic ideas and cultures came into contact with new societies, they were expressed in unique ways and ultimately took on diverse forms. In the ninth century, Palestine was conquered by the Fatimid Caliphate, whose capital was Cairo. This is given by the Hadith, The Life and Sayings of Mohammed. The preaching of Islam: a history of the propagation of the Muslim faith By Sir, The preaching of Islam: a history of the propagation of the Muslim faith, By Thomas Walker Arnold, p. 183, The History of Iran By Elton L. Daniel, pg. Explains that the world was forever changed by the rise and subsequent spread of islam. In Egypt conversion to Islam was initially considerably slower than in other areas such as Mesopotamia or Khurasan, with Muslims not thought to have become the majority until around the fourteenth century. for the disbelievers. from all around the world under the Abbasid dynasty. Christians were persecuted and churches destroyed. It includes a feeling of a "growing universalistic Islamic identity" as often shared by Muslim immigrants and their children who live in non-Muslim countries: The increased integration of world societies as a result of enhanced communications, media, travel, and migration makes meaningful the concept of a single Islam practiced everywhere in similar ways, and an Islam which transcends national and ethnic customs.[32]. There are a number of historians who see the rule of the Umayyads as responsible for setting up the "dhimmah" to increase taxes from the dhimmis to benefit the Arab Muslim community financially and to discourage conversion. The Islamic state centered in Cordoba had ended up splintering into many smaller kingdoms (the so-called taifas). Islam came to it's major role in the world (24% of world population are Muslims) by meeting the religious needs of people. According to historians, through the zealous missionary work of Samanid rulers, as many as 30,000 tents of Turks came to profess Islam and later under the Ghaznavids higher than 55,000 under the Hanafi school of thought. () The status of Christians, Jews and Zoroastrians was more precisely defined, and in some ways it was inferior. Kazakhs, Uzbeks and some Muslim populations of the Russian Federation trace their Islamic roots to the Golden Horde[75] and while Berke Khan became the first Mongol monarch to officially adopt Islam and even to oppose his kinsman Hulagu Khan[75] in the defense of Jerusalem at the Battle of Ain Jalut (1263), only much later did the change became pivotal when the Mongols converted en masse[77] when a century later Uzbeg Khan (lived 12821341) converted - reportedly at the hands of the Sufi Saint Baba Tukles.[78]. period they had control of a good chunk of the Arabian Peninsula. A dome situated in the courtyard of a mosque. Within a few years the Muslims had also conquered parts of Egypt to the South and Anatolia and Armenia to the North. In fact, the Eastern Orthodox Churches had a higher position in the Ottoman Empire, mainly because the Patriarch resided in Istanbul and was an officer of the Ottoman Empire. killing disbelievers arbitrarily. In the initial invasion, the victorious Muslims granted religious freedom to the Christian community in Alexandria, and the Alexandrians quickly recalled their exiled Monophysite patriarch to rule over them, subject only to the ultimate political authority of the conquerors. From and ethnic point of view, there also seems to be a have Muslim conquest of India included Hindus and Buddists as well, and it also included Zoroastrians, who the early Muslims This spread of Islamic culture was facilitated by trade, missionaries, and changes in the political structure of Islamic society. Umar's early campaigns were against the Byzantine Empire. this actually becomes a contentious issue that we'll talk about in other videos. Ultimately, the Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem, Sophronius, an ethnic Arab,[33] agreed to surrender Jerusalem to Umar in person. they were also Arab dominated, and they liked having this [63] During Delhi Sultanate's Ikhtiyar Uddin Bakhtiyar Khilji's control of the Bengal, Muslim missionaries in India achieved their greatest success, in terms of number of converts to Islam. Early on in Islamic history, under the. These conflicts evolved into major schisms between Sunni, Shia, and Ibadi Islam. Then it spreads even more. [24] He noted: "The question of why people convert to Islam has always generated the intense feeling. Islam spread primarily through military conquest taking control of lands from Spain to the borders of China and India. Islam spread through military conquest, trade, pilgrimage, and missionaries. The number of Muslims in Africa grew from 34.5 million in 1900 to 315 million in 2000, going from roughly 20% to 40% of the total population of Africa. This assimilation is evident in the mix of Islamic traditions with pre-Islamic belief systems in syncretic religious systems. As a clarification question, is this supposed to mean that the early Muslims were conquering territory for a kingdom, like Rome, Greece, and Persia in earlier times? A Christian community is recorded in 1114 in Qal'a in central Algeria. Significant conversion and cultural exchange did not occur during their short rule, nor were complex political institutions developed. they have expelled you, "and persecution is worse than killing. As a result, vast areas of the Balkans remained mostly Christian during the period of Ottoman domination. and if those persecutors stop then don't seek revenge. They led a revolt against the Umayyads, bringing the Abbasid caliphate to power. Explains that the last reason islam spread really quickly was migration. of the Old Testament and on Christian traditions. You see even by that [2] Overview of the spread of Islam from the time of Muhammed to the Rashidun, Umayyad and Abbasid Caliphates. Non-Muslim subjects under Arab Muslim rule were not especially opposed to their new rulers. The Muslim prisoner was brought[by whom?] Now on the other hand, Direct link to led's post How did Islam come to be , Posted 3 years ago. Is it? The Rashidun caliphate constructed a massive empire out of many swift military victories. The most important reason for Islam spreading so quickly was trade routes connecting to different areas. The Dome was built in 780, while the mosque was completed in 715. This map shows the extent of the Umayyad Empire in 750 CE. [26] Both periods were also marked by significant migrations of Arab tribes outwards from the Arabian Peninsula into the new territories.[27]. Sophronius also negotiated a pact with Umar known as Umar's Assurance, allowing for the religious freedom for Christians in exchange for jizya, a tax to be paid by conquered non-Muslims, called dhimmis. The reasons for the Muslim success are difficult to reconstruct in hindsight, primarily because only fragmentary sources from the period have survived. Islamic influence first came to be felt in the Indian subcontinent during the early 7th century with the advent of Arab traders. This is not to say that the Muslims were not brave and that the conviction that they were doing Allah's will was not significant: it clearly was. The Abbasids were intent on differentiating themselves from their Umayyad predecessors, though they still had a lot in common. Religion was co-opted on both sides for the purposes of people who wanted power. When the new one is better, you switch. 'Muslimization' has more recently also been used as a term coined to describe the overtly Muslim practices of new converts to the religion who wish to reinforce their newly acquired religious identity. Without a doubt, military conquest was key in Islam's rapid spread. Muslim conquerors ordinarily wished to dominate rather than convert, and most conversions to Islam were voluntary. It is believed that Islam first arrived in these South-eastern regions by the 7th century. Through continued trade between Arab Muslims and Indians, Islam continued to spread in coastal Indian cities and towns, both through immigration and conversion. Direct link to David Alexander's post Islam came to it's major , Posted 5 years ago. However, only a small fraction of the people who came under Arab Muslim control immediately adopted Islam. In Balkan history, historical writing on the topic of conversion to Islam was, and still is, a highly charged political issue. [17], Muslim Arab expansion in the first centuries after Prophet Muhammad's death soon established dynasties in North Africa, West Africa, to the Middle East, and south to Somalia by the Companions of the Prophet, most notably the Rashidun Caliphate and military advents of Khalid Bin Walid, Amr ibn al-As and Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas. The Arab Caliphate was pushed back by Charles Martel (Frankish Mayor of the Palace) at Poitiers, and Christian armies started pushing southwards over the mountains, until Charlemagne established in 801 the Spanish March (which stretched from Barcelona to present day Navarre). [4], Through the Muslim conquest of Persia, in the 7th century, Islam spread as far as the North Caucasus, which parts of it (notably Dagestan) were part of the Sasanid domains. *bold*How did the Arabian peninsula help the Muslims conquer more land? it really was convert or die. Were Muslims and Christians fighting over land or differences in religious belief ? Direct link to Havic Griffin's post where sufi triditon come , Posted 3 months ago. There are accounts of the trade connections between the Muslims and the Rus, apparently Vikings who made their way towards the Black Sea through Central Russia. Image credit: While these trade interactions undoubtedly had important ramifications, they were equally influential in the cultural realm. Byzantine rule was ended by the Arabs, who invaded Tunisia from 647 to 648[41] and Morocco in 682 in the course of their drive to expand the power of Islam. at do hint at these early caliphates weren't that Elements of Islamic Belief. Within roughly two decades, they created a massive Arab Muslim empire spanning three continents. People disagreed with this event because they had different perspectives on what were the main events for Islam spreading so quickly. [29], The Ottoman sultanate was abolished on 1 November 1922 and the caliphate was abolished on 3 March 1924. For four months, the siege continued. acknowledged to be for God. Direct link to i 's post Women did contribute to I, Posted 2 years ago. The Abbasids five-century existence finally came to an end with the Mongol sacking of Baghdad in 1258. "Such is the recompense essentially successors to Mohammed, under these four kalifs, "And if they cease, then indeed God "is forgiving and merciful." Under the Rashidun caliphs and the Ummayad Caliphate until about 750, it makes sense to think about it in terms of a more unified Islamic empire. The main reasons are trade, military conquest, and religion. It's often referred to The spread of Islam was both a political and religious phenomenon, so sort of a combination of both - Muslim rulers gained control of these areas and some of their followers stayed with them, and some people who lived in these areas became Muslims, and Islam was also spread via trade beyond areas under Muslim control. [45] Moreover, Muslim missionaries did not encounter difficulty in explaining Islamic tenets to Zoroastrians, as there were many similarities between the faiths. Conquest is usually used in reference to the establishment of some type of political control. Ira Lapidus writes, notion of dhimmi status. Direct link to Angel's post Im not 100% sure, however, Posted 6 years ago. Warriors are crossing water and land, charging a fortified area,. [65][66] The Mughals, already suffering a gradual decline in the early 18th century, was invaded by the Afsharid ruler Nader Shah.

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