as otters were removed during the hunting years

The sport became increasingly popular in the late nineteenth century and the Edwardian period. Now, Dr. Estes said, more than 90 percent of those otters are gone. Throughout the period campaigners repeatedly pointed to this subject as proof of the inconsistency and heartlessnessFootnote In August 1938 the National Society for the Abolition of Cruel Sports gained permission to reprint the chapter in leaflet form. The League for the Prohibition of Cruel Sports, Annual Report (London, 1931), 34. Which of the following observations would provide the strongest If the mere presence of women was condemned, then the role they played in, and joy they gained from, the death of the otter was shocking. By 2016, over 4,000 river otters had been translocated to 23 states. Colonies were discovered around Alaska's Aleutian Islands and Prince William Sound in the 1930s. Hale, Matthew 43. When urchin populations spiked in response, the reefs held their ground. 54 Tarka soon became an iconic literary figure, and otter-hunting was made tangible to a new and wide audience.Footnote Hounds Feather as They Search the River Banks; (10) Followers Take to the Water; (11) This Is the Kill; (12) The Whip Holds Up the Trophy. The Trust recently secured the first ongoing class licence to capture and transport live Eurasian otters trapped in well-fenced fisheries in England. Rivers are then lovely with kingcup and ladysmock, meadows are starred and belled with daisy and cowslip, and, above all, the female otter is in cub. 46. The opinion of H. E. Bates provides an insight into one person's perception of the immorality of hunting otters to death. Unlike the working men who may have regretted the spontaneous event, sportsmen not only celebrated their own form of killing; they had created organisations that expected it to occur on a regular basis. In The Times on 13th June 1928 Williamson was described as the finest and most intimate living interpreter of the drama of wildlife. the quarry itself is quite a secondary consideration.Footnote WebThe otters were then protected by the international fur seal treaty, which banned sea otter hunting. . Colonel W. Lisle B. Coulson, The Otter Worry, in Henry Salt, ed., British Blood Sports: Let us go out and kill something (1901), pp. With no utilitarian reason for killing, the hunted otter was simply something killed for fun. Holding an extreme and uncompromising policy, it developed more dynamic methods in an attempt to gain both publicity and prohibition. This approval generated considerable adverse reactions and increased press coverage. Interestingly, the magazine did not choose a classic scene of hounds in a watery landscape. The League for the Prohibition of Cruel Sport, Annual Report (London, 1926). Downing, Graham, The Hounds of Spring. If anyone interpreted this anecdote with a smidgen of sentimentality, as a narrative of a protective mother rewarded for her heroic conduct with the release of her whelp, the harsher realities of such freedom were instantly put into perspective with a quotation from L. C. R. Cameron: Resentment at disturbance of the normal conditions impels her to leave her couch in which she has laid her cubs; the promptings of the maternal instinct compel her to return forthwith to her offspring. Although this demonstration was by all accounts quiet and orderly, the encounter did produce a rather interesting spectacle. Second, he felt that as he had bought the cats they were his own property and third, he argued that it was less cruel to use a cat than a badger as worrying the latter badly injured the dogs.Footnote 86 . . 5. Considering Johnston's establishment position and his enthusiasm for hunting in the Empire, this was a powerful request. . CrossRefGoogle Scholar; 76, There is a real sense that women should have had the emotional authority to know better.Footnote . Which of the following A high proportion of the League were women. (Cheers.) Large numbers of sea cows occurred in the Commander Islands at the time of their discovery by Europeans in 1741. Summer hunting across rugged river valleys offered strenuous physical exertion in the sun, whilst facilitating a picnic and a paddle. Observing sea otters and kelp beds on Amchitka both onshore and during scuba dives led Estes to question the links between them. 41. The Guardian, 9th May 2010. hasContentIssue false, Copyright Cambridge University Press 2016. the magazine had a massive readership. This is clearly a splendid time. 85 In Alaska, 467 sea otters were translo-cated to several locations from 1965 to 1969. 80. Offering close proximity and participatory practices of seeing (gazing) and doing (the stickle), any member of an otter hunt could participate in infamous scenes. shot but they felt that many otters were preserved for hunting, a shameful blot on our civilisation. 16586Google Scholar; I do not find this in the least hard to believe.Footnote Douglas Macdonald Hastings, Hunting the Otter, Picture Post, 22nd July 1939, 5256, p. 52. 9, In this paper we consider the ways campaigns against otter hunting were carried out in the period 1900 to 1939. and provided further evidence of the barbarous spirit engendered by indulgence in blood sports.Footnote 65. The incident was widely reported and horrified the public. Tichelar, Michael, A blow to the men in Pink: The Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals and Opposition to Hunting in the Twentieth Century, Rural History, 22 (2011), 89113 Sea otters were ecologically extirpated from the Northwest Coast of North America by the The driving force was Henry Amos, who had worked as a government official and been secretary of the Vegetarian Society from 1913. Although Coleridge's speech was welcomed with loud cheers and rapturous applause, the chairman of the committee was far from impressed by the impromptu inclusion of the subject. Scientists and tribal leaders say reintroducing otters would restore balance to degraded kelp forests, boost fish species, protect shorelines, generate tourist dollars It may be that he saw otter hunting as a useful device for testing both the political elasticity of the Society and the penetrative influence of the Humanitarian League. The belief that any sentient being deserved protection from ill-treatment generated a comprehensive list of animal related activities marked for legislative change. 50 22. River otters love fish, frogs, crayfishes, crabs, and other aquatic invertebrate Instead, it focussed on one man, Mr Sidney Varndell. Added to this, the physical characteristics of the otter meant that the final worry, much like the preceding pursuit, could be more prolonged and more of a spectacle than in hunts of other animals. The object of this society was to create a sound public opinion on the destruction of wild animals throughout the British Empire, especially Africa, and establish game reserves.Footnote . After introducing her pack, the Crowhurst Otter Hounds, the article listed the women who actively enjoyed the sport: Of the invariably large and influential following we may mention Mrs Mantell, Mrs Killogg-Jenkins, and Miss Woodruffe, Mrs Trimmer and Miss and Mrs J. Awbrey.Footnote 49 This weekly magazine, first published on 1st October 1938, was a pioneering outlet for British photojournalism. On 4th April 1928, for instance, several daily newspapers reported that an otter had been stoned to death by fifty working men in Workington. WebNo hunting (except waterfowl) during removed only by the user. Ernest Bell, The Barnstaple Cat-Worrying Case, The Animals Friend (1906), 43. Drawing his facts from The Field of 8th October 1910, Collinson explained that the Eastern Counties Otter Hounds had recorded a total of twenty-two otters, the Border Counties accounted for twenty-five, and the Hawkstone finished with forty. Opponents, on the other hand, were offended by this inclusivity. Figure 4. This may have been because the facts were incomplete or because the figures seemed to speak for themselves. The Cheriton Cruelty Case, The Field, 28th October 1905, 768. Why Otters Are Endangered? 75. 83. Sir Edwin Landseer, The Otter Speared, Portrait of the Earl of Aberdeen's Otterhounds, or the Otter Hunt, 1844; Laing Gallery, Newcastle http://www.twmuseums.org.uk/laing-art-gallery/collections.html. 79. Large hunting efforts were under way with the help of a massive ship in the water. 74 In 1939 another iconic image came out on the front cover of the Picture Post (Figure 5). 32 Even if she is prevented from doing so, she will hang about the place where they are, and perhaps be killed wet when the cubs, too, will perish.Footnote For Bates, much like Henry Salt, the pain and suffering experienced by animals were indistinguishable from those experienced by humans. Afterwards everyone who took part in the orgy was probably ashamed of himself. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings. In the minds of campaigners it not only looked ridiculous, it was unacceptable. 20. Spearing was no longer permitted in the popular modern form. He saw that miserable little animal was pursued by men with large poles with spikes in their heads, men who would put on a tall hat and go to Church on Sundays, while women disgracing their sex stood by and lent their countenance and encouragement to the brutal proceedings. The Picture Post styles otter hunting as just another peculiar pastime the notoriously crazy English enjoy in the countryside. Otter hunting was a minor field sport in Britain but in the early years of the twentieth century a lively campaign to ban it was orchestrated by several individuals and Mr Collier's Otter Hounds were the last to abandon the spear in 1884, as his field did not care to see so gallant a beast suffer such an end.Footnote Call a professional pest removal expert CrossRefGoogle Scholar. . 30 But what matter? Having been allowed bail, the pair's charges were later revised on appeal to a five pound fine, on the understanding that Bell gave a donation of one hundred pounds to the North Devon Infirmary. WebWhich of the following critical values should the scientist use for the chi-square analysis of the data? The last known native sea otter in Washington state, Larson said, was shot in 1910 near Willapa Bay. Rather than defend its sentient or sporting qualities, he was much more concerned with its aesthetic role in the landscape. Demonstration at a Meet of the Bucks Otter Hounds, Cruel Sports, June 1931. Although celebrated by reviewers in the Illustrated London News and Athenaeum, the subsequent engraving failed to sell well and John Ruskin argued in 1846 that Landseer before he gives us any more writhing otters, or yelping packs should consider whether such a scene was worthy of contemplation.Footnote Figure 5. Google Scholar. The latter is essentially a personal consideration of riverside life along the Ouse and the Nene. Hunting Otters with firearms was once common in the early twentieth century, but many preferred to trap them. 17 78. After retiring from the army he devoted much of his time to lecturing in schools across the country about the fair treatment of animals. Throughout the essay he applies the term to a number of situations to discredit the idea that animals are killed for public safety, natural history, protection of farmers or sporting exercise.Footnote The word fun is the binding theme in Bates argument. The chapter entitled Otters and Men is important. Stephen Coleridge was the second son of Lord Chief Justice of England, John Duke Coleridge, and great nephew of Samuel Taylor Coleridge. of compassion, love, gentleness, and universal benevolence, the Humanitarian League clearly set itself apart from other reform oriented bodies. A fortnight after this event, on 13th May 1931, the second reported demonstration against otter hunting generated a rather more hostile response. He argued that if the government cared for the preservation of beauty in England, the otter would long ago have been placed on the protected list, and would not have been subjected to the undiscriminating attacks of sportsmen.Footnote Bell was sentenced to one month's imprisonment with hard labour and John Church, the Hunt's Whip, received half that sentence. For such people the laceration of an otter's living flesh is an amusing thing. Otter hunting is a practice that dates back to the 1700s. Brought up as a sportsman and still a keen angler, this well-known Northumberland country gentleman and Justice of the Peace was a staunch and fearless friend of animals.Footnote The sea otter population has rebounded to nearly three thousand individuals At night, in company with her other cub, she came to the yard and tried to liberate the little captive, but without success. He uses heavy irony to get his point across: Fun is a curious word. The hunting and killing of female otters during the breeding season was a recurring theme in anti-hunting literature. The History of the Eastern Counties Otter Hounds, Rod, Pole and Perch: Angling and Otter-hunting Sketches, Putting Animals into Politics: The Labour Party and Hunting in the First Half of the Twentieth Century, A blow to the men in Pink: The Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals and Opposition to Hunting in the Twentieth Century, Tarka the Otter: His Joyful Water-life and Death in the Country of the Two Rivers, The Otter Speared, Portrait of the Earl of Aberdeen's Otterhounds, or the Otter Hunt, http://www.twmuseums.org.uk/laing-art-gallery/collections.html. The letter proposed that drag hunting provides all the thrill of the chase without a living victim, and we earnestly request you to consider its adoption in preference to hunting live creatures.Footnote He focussed on several key themes including the hunting of pregnant otters and the demoralising effects of participating in the hunt. First, he insisted that cats had been used, as he could not always get hold of a badger. 76. In this case, which was brought by the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, the Master of the Cheriton Otter Hounds, Mr Walter Lorraine Bell, and three of its members were found guilty of charges relating to cruelty to cats. The following year Bell and his followers formed the National Society for the Abolition of Cruel Sports. They were killed mostly for their fur, which was desirable This reversal shows that the campaigning did have an impact, albeit a small one, on the public perception of the activity. It also shows just how much the mere thought of otter hunting could unsettle an individual. Each of these examples shows how a certain body of evidence, produced by otter hunters to promote their sport, was used by campaigners to argue their case against it. 77. In 2010 a painting normally considered too upsetting for modern tastes which while impressive was also undeniably gruesome was displayed at an exhibition of British sporting art at the Bowes Museum, Barnard Castle. To stress his dissatisfaction, he targets two features specific to the sport, the prolonged duration of the pursuit and spring and summer hunting: To make it pleasant for otters as well as man, otters are hunted not only for a long time, for seven or eight or ten or eleven hours at a stretch, but in spring. The Spirit of Otter-Hunting, Cruel Sports, August 1939, 62. The passage not only stresses the moral inconsistency of the public, it also underlines the hypocrisy of sportsmen. By Zulma Cary. The commercial trade began in . 9. The social image being constructed is of a group of people who are not just morally right, but are more decent than the hunters, who are by contrast portrayed as disreputable, aggressive and shameful. He thought that the aesthetics of otter hunting could be maintained if public opinion or legislation limited the killing of otters to ten per annum in any one county and then it might be possible to keep up a picturesque sport without unduly lessening the number of otters in our rivers.Footnote 21 50. But Bristow-Noble emphasised that we should. 19 Following its publication, the book received widespread publicity when Williamson was awarded the Hawthornden Prize in June 1928. 38 In 1923 he diverted his attention to blood sports. Otters today are faced with habitat loss and food scarcity, apart from killing due to . In these terms the iconic image of Varndell could be seen as positively publicising the face of otter hunting. . The most important organisation calling for the protection of otters in the Edwardian period was the Humanitarian League, founded in 1891 by Henry Salt, who published his pamphlet Humanitarianism in the same year. . In 1929, there was a picture of a middle-aged woman and a teenage girl being blooded by the Joint Masters of the Wye Valley Otter Hounds in front of a crowd of smiling spectators. 64. This in a sense gave the League the moral high ground. She is about to be afforded the pleasure, the privilege, of being harried and hunted and having her living guts ripped out by forty human beings, twenty or thirty hounds and some terriers.Footnote We appeal to the chivalry of English men and women to make these so-called sports impossible.Footnote Consequently everyone can watch, and most do watch, the end and people collect from far and near and watch in cold blood for minutes together the frantic death-agony of the brave little animal who has never done injury to anyone assembled. During the 82nd Anniversary Meeting of the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals on 21st May, Stephen Coleridge tapped into this public feeling, and unexpectedly proposed that the committee should prepare a bill to make otter hunting illegal. Otter hunting involves the harrying of females heavy with young, the destruction of mothers in milk, the lingering starvation of a number of suckling cubs, and a heavy death roll and the the aggregate of animal suffering caused is necessarily great.Footnote By enlisting the opinion of H. E. Bates, the National Society for the Abolition of Cruel Sports hoped this sentiment would not only reach a more popular readership, but also move such people into joining the campaign against otter hunting. According to Coulson those who engaged in the kill became virtually maddened by it.Footnote They were joined by English and American hunters in the latter part of the century, and uncontrolled hunting continued until 1799. 44 Men, women and children could all actively participate together in this sport. young and thoughtful. Raymond, Graham Covering two pages (812), it was retitled Sport and the Otter.. Bates wanted to reclaim the otter from this minority for the British public. One of the first men of influence to join the Humanitarian League was Colonel William Lisle Blenkinsopp Coulson (18411911). An incredibly vile sport: Campaigns against Otter School of Physical and Geographical Sciences, Keele University, ST5 5BG, UKD.Allen@keele.ac.uk, School of Geography, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UKCharles.Watkins@nottingham.ac.uk, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0956793315000175, The Monarch of the Glen: Landseer in the Highlands, A Delightful Sport with peculiar claims: The Specificities of Otterhunting, 18501939, Our Hunting Fathers: Field Sports in England after 1850, Wild Things: Nature and the Social Imagination, Otters as Symbols in the British Environmental Discourse, Records of the Culmstock Otterhounds, c. 17901957, Tally-Ho: Fifty Years of Sporting Reminiscences, The Smooth Cool Men of Science: The Feminist and Socialist Response to Vivisection, Feathered Women and Persecuted Birds: The Struggle against the Plumage Trade, c. 18601922, Some inhuman wretch: Animal Maiming and the Ambivalent Relationship between Rural Workers and Animals, The Hounds of Spring. During the summer months its pages were sprinkled with photographs of women and girls being blooded at otter hunts. The Daily Mail, for instance, received several telegrams from masters of otter hounds opposing Coleridge's criticism and justifying their sport. The recent exposure in Devonshire, where a master of otter hounds was sentenced to imprisonment. Spurious Sports Sport with an Otter, The Humanitarian, October 1906, 75. This echoed broader concerns for non-human animals. After being chased by the crowd, the female otter took refuge in some brickwork under a bridge. Cruel Sports magazine readily employed this strategy. The aesthetic quality of animals was also important to him. Correspondence. . 2. Walter Cheesman and Mildred Cheesman, Diaries of the Crowhurst Otter Hounds, 1904, Unpublished, East Sussex Record Office, Reference AMS5788/3/1, p. 3. Rogers, W. H., Records of the Cheriton Otter Hounds (Taunton, 1925), p. 225 26 At this time the main justification for killing otters was the damage they did to fish stocks. 7. Wright, Catherine Although in political terms women gained full equality of suffrage in 1928,Footnote 53, To show that this practice was not a thing of the past, Collinson then lifted more recent examples from the May 1906 Animals Friend: An otter, after being worried for four hours, gave birth to two cubs, and was afterwards hunted for two hours more before she was killed. The chairman eventually agreed to put the resolution to the meeting and it was carried with acclamation. Nearly 280 river otters were captured in the Adirondacks and Catskills and relocated to 15 sites in central and western New York during a three-year period in the 1990s. My object is only to insure that this Institution shall fulfil the great purpose for which it was founded.Footnote Griffin, Carl J. He had been influenced by Ralph Waldo Emerson and was a keen member of the Vegetarian Society and the Humanitarian League and after 1893 devoted much time and money to administration and fund-raising for three main reform causes: vegetarianism, humanitarianism, and animal welfare. Cruel Sports illustrated this incident with a photograph headed Burning the Truth! According to the League's Report for 1931, the demonstration at Colchester resulted in a local ban being placed on the hounds.Footnote Sea otters were locally extinct in British Columbian waters in Canada, until a plane containing a romp of otters arrived and set off a population boom with Members of the League for the Prohibition of Cruel Sports were also outraged by this murderous behaviour and equally critical of the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, but they had a slightly different response to the event. 82 A sanctuary was created in Amchitka Island, whose sea otter population grew to outstrip its supply of prey. Recognising that such causes may be dismissed as sickly sentimentality, the League made a point of stressing that their underlying principles were not merely a product of the heart. Mr Rose of the Eastern Counties Otter Hounds described the proposed Bill as most unfair and ridiculous and argued that otter hunting was grossly misrepresented: Long spiked poles are never used for the purposes suggested, but for assisting followers across ditches, rivers and fences. This indicates that despite the ongoing challenge from the anti-blood-sports movement, in 1939 hunting rhetoric still informed the public's perception of otters and otter hunting. And as a relatively inexpensive sport, such social changes meant otter hunting had become a less appealing target for them. He wanted society to step back and reconsider the moral distinction between wild and domestic animals. 22. By the mid-1960s, Amchitka Island was being used a site for nuclear testing, which eventually killed many sea otters in the area. Demonstration at a Meet of the Bucks Otter Hounds. Salt edited the two Humanitarian League journals: Humanity, later renamed The Humanitarian (18951919) and The Humane Review (19001910). Render date: 2023-05-01T08:20:46.153Z Collinson had previously led the Humanitarian League's campaign against flogging and was described by Henry Salt as a young north-countryman, self-taught, and full of native readiness and ingenuity, who at an early age had developed a passion for humanitarian journalism.Footnote . For Bell, the only difference between an otter and a cat was their legal status. 46 After only two months, the pressure on the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals proved too much and in July 1906 Animal World announced that the committee was not prepared to take any action on the motion moved by Stephen Coleridge with regard to otter hunting. The small caption reads: OTTER-HUNTING. [23] The first to second the motion was Ernest Bell who pointed out that otter hunting was just as unsportsmanlike as shooting birds from traps. Perhaps surprisingly, despite four decades of campaigns against the sport, the article does not describe otter hunting as something controversial. Google Scholar. 68. A part of this pamphlet, which included this quotation, was reprinted in Cruel Sports magazine in 1929. 3 The candid words of Reverend E. W. L. Davies in his 1886 chapter on The Otter and his Ways helped to reinforce this point: Bitch-otters yielding milk. The main institutional differences were in their ideals and methods. . 3. WebAll the otters that are in there might leave to get away from the smell. Williamson dedicated Tarka the Otter to William Rogers. Addressing the issue in Cruel Sports, a member with the pseudonym Wansfell could not see how it was fair to hold the Workington roughs up to obloquy without doing the same to devotees of organised otter hunting. For almost 40 years, the otters in southeast Alaska scrapped by. The Monarch of the Glen: Landseer in the Highlands (Edinburgh, 2005)Google Scholar. Although this unusual interlude was tolerated with good humour at first, one follower of the hunt retaliated by burning a number of leaflets. 37, The first malpractice to be exposed in otter hunting itself was an incident that occurred on the River Tweed on 6th July 1907. From The Field for 18th June 1910 came a report that: Too many bitches are killed at this time of the year (June), the dog otters making themselves very scarce. 71. These kinds of demonstrations continued throughout the 1930s. In 1928, it showed a cheerful young woman glorying over being blooded at an otter-hunt (Figure 4).Footnote The painting was commissioned as a commemorative portrait of his pack of otter hounds by Lord Aberdeen (17841860), then foreign secretary and later to become prime minister. The National Society for the Abolition of Cruel Sports, which was formed by an individual who had originally been part of those more radical elements, preferred a gradual approach to abolition and identified educating public opinion as its immediate objective. Donald, Diana, Picturing Animals in Britain 17501850 (New Haven and London, 2007), pp. confined to otter hunting, they also tried to divide the hunting fraternity by distinguishing the sporting conduct of otter hunters from fox hunters, stag hunters and hare hunters: If the sporting set consider it unsporting to hunt some animals in the breeding season, why does this not apply to otters?Footnote 56 Has data issue: false 42. But model men would find pleasure neither in torturing, nor annihilating any of them.Footnote This is likely to be a ban by local landowners. the killing of baby cubs must needs go on, though a grief and pain to all concerned in their ultimate destruction.Footnote Humanitarian, April 1918, 100, cited by 1823. 11. Each image is accompanied with a caption and a paragraph explaining the scene. 89. were extirpated. for this article. Alongside the overall decrease of otter hunts and otter hunters was the dramatic reduction of advertised meets and reports in the national and regional press. Pring, Geoffrey, Records of the Culmstock Otterhounds, c. 17901957 (Exeter, 1958), p. 35 Justice for the Animals, Otter-Hunting, Cruel Sports, October 1929, 128. He was a founder member in 1903 of the Society for the Preservation of the Wild Fauna of the Empire and an opponent of big game hunting. A barrister by profession, Coleridge who hated cruelty in all its formsFootnote In advance of a major test in 1968, the U.S. Atomic Ene L. C. R. Cameron, Otters and Otter-Hunting (1908), cited in Collinson, The Hunted Otter, p. 6. The following year he became joint Master with Mrs Mildred Cheesman who had been celebrated as the first lady master of otter hounds in the Daily Mail in 1905, as discussed earlier in this paper. He declared that Coleridge was entirely out of order in discussing this matter now, adding that he was not speaking of the merits of the subject, but only say it is out of order now. Coleridge replied that: If at your Annual meeting such a motion as that is out of order, then I say this great Society will stultify itself if it does not hear me. Coleridge won the audience at the meeting over to his case. 51. This paper examines the arguments and methods used in different anti-otter hunting campaigns 19001939 by organisations such as the Humanitarian League, the League for the Prohibition of Cruel Sports and the National Association for the Abolition of Cruel Sports. 35 With fox hunting, he argued, few perhaps ever see the death, and it is over almost in an instant but, owing to his strength and cat-like tenacity of life, the otter fights long and dies hard. 29. This idea is reinforced by the fact that the two members of the audience who stood to offer their support were both members of the Humanitarian League. After mobilising factual evidence, graphic descriptions and controversial comparisons, Bates concludes his essay bemoaning the seeming insanity of the legal position of hunted animals. He is remembered today for his monumental two-volume Comparative Study of the Bantu and Semi-Bantu Languages (191921); for his natural history collections now held at Kew, the British Museum, and London Zoo; and for his identification of the okapi (Okapi johnstoni) in the Congo in 1901.Footnote In 1901 Coulson had written that: Some of the clergy revel in it the very men who pose afterwards as the expounders of high morality.Footnote "useRatesEcommerce": false We can gain an insight into the exact message they were trying to make from the letter which was handed to the master, Sir Maurice Bromley-Wilson, and followers: The Leeds branch of the League for Prohibition of Cruel Sports has organised this protest against otter-hunting to indicate that there is a growing public feeling against this and other so-called sports. miramonte reservoir ice report, unlicensed assistive personnel scope of practice california, michigan high school wrestling team rankings 2022,

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