main features of bhakti movement

I lie awake here in the thick of night. What are the effects of the Bhakti Movement? However, the case of Islam was totally different. Later on, the movement took a new direction by evolving the devotion to God, i.e., Lord Krishna. There was a good deal of bitter men between the two communities i.e. Two groups of people deemed poets and saints had a significant role in propagating the Bhakti movement. Image Source: krishna.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/LordCaitanyaChanting.jpg. [74] Brajavali is to an extent, a combination of medieval Maithili and Assamese. An important factor which led to the popularity of Bhakti movement was that most of the promoters of this movement attempted to reconcile the differences between the Hindus and the Muslims by stressing that Rama and Rahim were one and the same. Seen as a reform movement, bhakti presented a parallel to the orientalist agenda of intervention in the service of the empire. The devotees worship is intended to obtain Gods favour for salvation. Seeingand being seen bythe god or goddess (darshan) was an essential part of the ritual. To him who is high-minded, image source: hinduhumanrights.info/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/VIKHANASA-RISHI.jpg. Because such knowledge might be obtained through a teacher or guru, the Bhakti movement placed a high value on obtaining authentic knowledge through a guru. The Bhakti movement was a huge religious development in the history of medieval India. [1] It swept over east and north India from the 15th century onwards, reaching its zenith between the 15th and 17th century CE. [119] Nam-simran the realisation of God is an important Bhakti practice in Sikhism. One should accept a genuine spiritual master (Guru), and under him or her constantly practice the activities of Bhakti yoga to achieve the highest perfection of life. [84], The Bhakti movement of Hinduism saw two ways of imaging the nature of the divine (Brahman) Nirguna and Saguna. Though the movement originated in the South, very soon North India came under its spell. It is derived from the Sanskrit root word Bhaja whose literal meaning is to utter. Download our apps to start learning, Call us and we will answer all your questions about learning on Unacademy. 7. [37][38] According to Sri Krishna, Bhakti yoga is one of the sweetest path to know the "self" and to reach to the ultimate truth. They were the propounders of Bhakti movement who made Bhakti their principal theme and gave a call to the people to worship in the simplest possible way of devotion and love. ; Bhakti movement was based on the doctrine that the relationship between god and man is through love and worship rather than through performing any ritual or religious ceremonies. Period of common people's devotion to God in the medieval Indian subcontinent, These views include Sikhs believing in achieving blissful mukhti while alive, Sikhs emphasizing the path of the householder, Sikh's disbelief in. Sikander Lodi was succeeded on the throne in 1489. Self-Surrender. Shandilya and Narada are credited with two Bhakti texts, the Shandilya Bhakti Sutra and Narada Bhakti Sutra. It pointed out the virtues of contentment and self control. The movement tried to reduce the growing bitterness between the two and bridge the gap. The movement tried to loosen the bond of caste. Jaidev was a Sanskrit poet of the 12th century, famous for Gita Govindas poem. And it's believed to have come out of South India in the seventh century. Ramanuja Ramanuja proclaims the love for God to attain salvation. They, therefore, felt the urgent necessity of making the dormant Hinduism more active and a living force among the common masses. The Hindu saints of India were influenced by the liberal approach of Sufism. The earliest reformer-saint in South was Adi Shankaracharya who had a unique success. Unity of God or one God though known by different names. 6. I found the nine treasures within my body, Believed in Non-violence (Ahimsa) The Sikh scripture includes many verses on devotional worship. image source: images.cdn.bigcartel.com/bigcartel/product_images/122440308/max_h-1000%2Bmax_w-1000/bm_Tcover.jpg. Bhakti, intense love and devotion, the only way to salvation. The Bhakti saints tried to generate an environment of good will between the Hindus and the Muslims. They ate their meals in the shared kitchen as a group. [86] Two 12th-century influential treatises on bhakti were Sandilya Bhakti Sutra a treatise resonating with Nirguna-bhakti, and Narada Bhakti Sutra a treatise that leans towards Saguna-bhakti. The concept of Bhakti was not a new one in the Indian tradition. Devotees also offered daily sacrificesfor some, animal sacrifices; for others, vegetarian sacrifices of fruit and flowersin the home or temple. 5. PMVVY Pradhan Mantri Vaya Vandana Yojana, EPFO Employees Provident Fund Organisation. Vishnu-bhakti is based on Vishnus avatars (incarnations), particularly Krishna and Rama. Condemnation of rituals, ceremonies and blind faith. For the Hindus the effort was initiated by the Hindu saints of the Bhakti movement and for the Muslims by the Sufi Saints. Their efforts ultimately helped spread bhakti poetry and ideas throughout India by the 12th18th century CE.[44][45]. Besides, the fifteenth century is generally regarded as the century of tolerance. Bhakti, intense love and devotion, the sole thanks to salvation. A confident mindset for deciding about religious matters. Image Guidelines 4. Promotion of regional languages of the common people: In place of Sanskrit, Arabic and Persian, the Bhakti saints preached through the medium of local languages which could be understood very easily. The Bhakti movement promoted the growth of vernacular language and literature in different parts of the country. According to conclusion of all the revealed scriptures, by constantly chanting the holy names of the Lord Krishna, Lord Shiva and Devi or Adi Para Shakti (in their any form) one can achieve all perfection, even in this Dark Age of Kali. This religion had its own individual characteristics like universal brotherhood, equality of all in the society, absence of any caste system or untouchability, opposition to idol worship and above all, practice of monotheism or oneness of God. One of the most important features of the Bhakti movements is the concept of God as one single entity. UPSC Prelims Previous Year Question Paper. They advocated that the salvation could be attained only by deep devotion and faith in God. Pechilis in her book on Bhakti movement, for example, states:[135]. So it became the religion of the ruling community. It is perhaps far-fetched to say that Akbars broad outlook was on account of the impact of the Bhakti movement. Bhakti, devotion, and Love are the sole essence of salvation. In this article, we will learn about the significance of temples and monastic institutions. Nanaks teachings emancipated his followers to break the social shackles and caste system of Indian society. All the prominent leaders played a significant role in the time of medieval India. A shiva devotee can chant " Om Namah Shivaya". Although, the, played a vital role in the revolution of medieval India. Its fundamental ideas of love and devotion to a personal God were wholly Hindu; the ideas of theoneness of the Godhead upon which its doctrine was founded were also primarily Hindu. The formers adherents, known as Vaishnavas, were further classified into Krishna both avatars of Vishnu as their personal God. One God with different names. The poem mentions their long association, bonding, anger, and disappointment. 3. [note 1][117], Guru Nanak, the first Sikh Guru and the founder of Sikhism, was a Bhakti saint. It was a complete surrender of oneself to God. the devotee and the devotee is eager to meet his beloved (God). Kabir Nanak and Chaitanya preached in their respective vernacular tongues Kabir in Hindi, Nanak in Gurmukhi and chaitanya in Bengali. The saints and reformers through Bhakti movement reduced the rigours of caste-system and through paved the way for their retention in the fold of Hinduism. [85] In Bhakti, the emphasis is reciprocal love and devotion, where the devotee loves God, and God loves the devotee. Repetition of the True Name. Bhakti to God was accepted as salvation. The reasons for the birth and growth of this movement are therefore not far to seek. The concept was only to propel the Indian society to devote their life for the sake of love, devotion, and equity. The movement has traditionally been considered an influential social reformation in Hinduism in that it provided an individual-focused alternative path to spirituality regardless of one's birth or gender. Fortunately with the foreign invaders, some Sufi Muslim saints had also come to India and settled here. Bhakti to God was accepted as salvation MAIN FEATURES OF BHAKTI 1. Peasants and Monks in British India, University of California Press, 'The Brajabuli idiom developed in Orissa and Bengal also. [23], Doris Srinivasan[30] states that the Upanishad is a treatise on theism, but it creatively embeds a variety of divine images, an inclusive language that allows "three Vedic definitions for a personal deity". Learn about the life of Vallabhacharya, a great saint and philosopher. 5. These were. In Rig Veda Samhita, Brihadaranyaka Upanishad, Chhandyoga Upanishad, Katha and Kausitaki Upanishad, the word Bhakti has been referred to several times. [22] The Upanishad includes verses wherein God can be identified with the Supreme (Brahman-Atman, Self, Soul) in Vedanta monistic theosophy, verses that support the dualistic view of Samkhya doctrines, as well as the synthetic novelty of triple Brahman where a triune exists as the divine soul (Isvara, theistic God), individual soul (self) and nature (Prakrti, matter). They aimed to set up a good social order upholding high moral values. The Nayanars were devotees of Lord Shiva, whereas the Alvars were devotees of Lord Vishnu. Bhakti, intense love and devotion, the only way to salvation. Copyright 10. ; The origin of Bhakti is traced in Vedas, but its real development took place after the 7 th Main features of the bhakti movement In terms of acquiring an answer to the question of what were the main features of bhakti , some significant factors need to be noted. Unacademy is Indias largest online learning platform. The founder of this movement was a Keralite Brahmin named Shankaracharya who started it in the 9th century A.D. Gradually it spread to various parts of the country. [14] Many scholars are now characterizing the emergence of Bhakti in medieval India as a revival, reworking, and recontextualization of the central themes of the Vedic traditions.[14]. The Bhakti reformers believed in freedom from the cycle of life and death and preached that salvation could be attained only by deep devotion and faith in God. Bhakti, intense love and devotion, the only way to salvation. (4) A large number of temples and idols of the Hindus had been destroyed by the Muslims and the people had to resort to Bhakti movement. They stressed human qualities and moral attitudes. Pure devotion to a deity was most important aspect. Knowledge (Jana) was recognisedas a constituent of bhakti by the Bhakti saints of both North and South India. [11] It evoked shared religiosity, direct emotional and intellection of the divine, and the pursuit of spiritual ideas without the overhead of institutional superstructures. They wanted a simple way of worship, simple religious practices and simple social customs. The major similarities and common ideas can be summarized in the following manner: 1. [103], Some scholars call Sikhism a Bhakti sect of Indian traditions. Learn more topics related to Ancient History of India, Download lessons and learn anytime, anywhere with the Unacademy app, Access free live classes and tests on the app, A Brief Guide On Main Principles Of Bhakti Movement, Bhakti movement swept over India in the east and north since the 15th century. It highlighted the importance of acquiring money via hard effort and honest ways. Several harmful habits had crept into Hindu culture over time. Goswami Tulsidas wrote his writings in the Awadhi language. image source: ramanan50.files.wordpress.com/2014/05/65be1-adishankaracharyawithhisdisciples.jpg, The main results of Bhakti movement were the development of vernacular literature, modification of caste exclusiveness, sanctification of family life, elevation of status of women, preaching of humaneness and tolerance, partial reconciliation with Islam, subordination of rites and ceremonies, pilgrimages, fasts etc, learning and contemplation to worship God with love and faith, the limitation of excess of polytheism and the uplift of the nation to a higher level of capacity both of thought and action.. 5. The poet was a disciple of Guru Ramananda Ji, who guided Kabir on the path of devotion. Prohibited Content 3. According to the Bhakti saints, individuals can realise God via devotion and personal effort. Shankaracharya is claimed to have been a child genius who knew all of the Hindu sacred books by eight. Self-Surrender. Uploader Agreement. The. [85], The Bhakti movement led to devotional transformation of medieval Hindu society, wherein Vedic rituals or alternatively ascetic monk-like lifestyle for moksha gave way to individualistic loving relationship with a personally defined god. Another remarkable impact was bringing about a unity among the Hindu and Muslim communities. Need of a guru for guidance advocated by some. Let us get some information and understand the trading history of India with Europe during the medieval period. Salient Features of Bhakti Movement 1. The movement which emphasized primarily these ideas was the Bhakti movementdevotion to God. The different sections of Indian society also followed their paths between the 12th and 18th centuries. Get subscription and access unlimited live and recorded courses from Indias best educators. We will also learn about regional development functions and their significant role in social life. But the inner significance of the word Bhaja is to adore or to love with honour. We also learn about the Shankaracharya, salvation, idol worship and much more about the topic. Nirguna Bhakti adherents rejected idol worship. [46] The Panchasakha Balarama Dasa, Achyutananda, Jasobanta Dasa, Ananta Dasa and Jagannatha Dasa (Odia poet) preaching Bhakti by doing mass sankritana across the Odisha before Chaitanya's arrival. Although, his lessons greatly impacted the Indian society that still enchanted Kabir Chaura Varanasi. Some healing touch was needed. [13] They suggest the Bhakti movement was a revival, reworking, and recontextualization of ancient Vedic traditions. He approached the Indian society to bring unity in God and not differentiate any of them. Adi Shankaracharya, an 8th-century Hindu religious reformer and scholar, was also instrumental in extending the Bhakti movement throughout India. They emphasized the virtues of love and devotion, brotherhood and equality etc. Get all the important information related to the Railway Exam including the process of application, important calendar dates, eligibility criteria, exam centers etc. just like his Deva, so for his Guru (teacher), Report a Violation 11. They stressed that a true religious man is one who is pure in thought and action. We have here a state of affairs that has no parallel in the West. Both consciously and unconsciously the ideals of Islam produced a benevolent effect upon the minds of a section of Hindus and fostered the growth of a liberal attitude. Question 3: What were the main features of Bhakti? Prohibited Content 3. It was a popular movement that piqued the publics curiosity. Helmut Anheier and Stefan Toepler (2009). 4. these teachings will be illuminating. The word Bhakti is a very familiar word in the Hindu religious system. Before uploading and sharing your knowledge on this site, please read the following pages: 1. The concept of Bhakti is an age-old one. , including Ramanuja, Chaitanya, Jaidev, Kabir, Ramanand, believed in the unity of God. In the devotional literature the word is used to mean unquestionable faith and utter devotion to God. Jill Mordaunt et al, Thoughtful Fundraising: Concepts, Issues, and Perspectives, Routledge. Bhakti, intense love and devotion, the only way to salvation. To be specific, the impact of Bhakti movement was felt in all spheres of Hinduism. They brought necessary. Jagannath is the center of the Odisha bhakti movement. Introduced Social giving like Seva Introduced dana (charity) Community kitchens with free food. The former's adherents, known as Vaishnavas, were further classified into Krishna - both avatars of Vishnu - as their personal God. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Adultery and sodomy were also discouraged. [92], Sheldon Pollock writes that the Bhakti movement was neither a rebellion against Brahmins and the upper castes nor a rebellion against the Sanskrit language, because many of the prominent thinkers and earliest champions of the Bhakti movement were Brahmins and from upper castes, and because much of the early and later Bhakti poetry and literature was in Sanskrit. Salient features of Bhakti Movement The Bhakti movement was based on the principles of monotheism and it generally criticized idol worship. The high philosophy of the Vedas and Upanishads were very complicated for the common people. They believed in freedom from the cycle of life and death. The Bhakti movement was a significant religious movement in medieval Hinduism[1] that sought to bring religious reforms to all strata of society by adopting the method of devotion to achieve salvation. From 8th century A.D. to 15th century A.D. this movement gathered its momentum in the south. [60][61][62] This literature includes the writings of the Alvars and Nayanars, poems of Andal,[63] Basava,[64] Bhagat Pipa,[65] Allama Prabhu, Akka Mahadevi, Kabir, Guru Nanak (founder of Sikhism),[64] Tulsidas, Nabha Dass,[66] Gusainji, Ghananand,[63] Ramananda (founder of Ramanandi Sampradaya), Ravidass, Sripadaraja, Vyasatirtha, Purandara Dasa, Kanakadasa, Vijaya Dasa, Six Goswamis of Vrindavan,[67] Raskhan,[68] Ravidas,[64] Jayadeva Goswami,[63] Namdev,[64] Eknath, Tukaram, Mirabai,[42] Ramprasad Sen,[69] Sankardev,[70] Vallabha Acharya,[64] Narsinh Mehta,[71] Gangasati[72] and the teachings of saints like Chaitanya Mahaprabhu. According to the Bhagavadgita, a Hindu religious text, the path of bhakti, or bhakti-marga, is superior to the two other religious approaches, the path of knowledge (jnana) and the path of ritual and good works (karma). The Bhakti movement was a significant religious movement in medieval Hinduism that sought to bring religious reforms to all strata of society by adopting the method of devotion to achieve salvation. I suffer. Some of the rulers adopted liberal religious policies under the impact of the Bhakti movement. Condemnation of rituals, ceremonies and blind faith. It also describes maintaining unity in society, which begins with worshipping God. "[59], The Bhakti movement witnessed a surge in Hindu literature in regional languages, particularly in the form of devotional poems and music. Guru Nanak Guru Nanak was also the follower and promoter of universal brotherhood. It prescribes Gnana (knowledge), Karma (action) and Bhakti (devotion) as the three essential features to shatter the bondage of material world and to serve the Almighty God. The term Bhakti means devotion, which proposed the followingfeatures of the Bhakti movementin the early medieval period. Guru Nanak was also the follower and promoter of universal brotherhood. It drew attention to the evils of anger, greed and vanity. They believe that God lives in ones heart and not in any specific temple or mosque. The poet was a disciple of Guru Ramananda Ji, who guided Kabir on the path of devotion. But as Dr Sukumar Sen has pointed out "Assamese Brajabuli seems to have developed through direct connection with Mithila" (. Condemnation of rituals, ceremonies and blind faith. [50], Some scholars state that the Bhakti movement's rapid spread in India in the 2nd millennium was in part a response to the arrival of Islam[51] and subsequent Islamic rule in India and Hindu-Muslim conflicts. These include Ramanuja, Madhva, Vallabha and Nimbarka. The poets way of immortalizing love was praised by many, giving a new direction to the Bhakti. The Bhakti saints believed in equality of man and man. Main Features of the Bhakti Movement Unity of God or one God though known by different names. The movement which emphasized primarily these ideas was the Bhakti movementdevotion to God. The Bhakti movement arose in part due to the Muslim invasion and governance. They were based on Bhakti which was the outcome of the feeling of escapism which dominated the Hindu mind as a result of the conquest of its sacred places in Islam.. The term 'Bhakthi' refers to 'devotion'. A similar language, called Brajabuli was popularised by Vidyapati,[77][78] which was adopted by several writers in Odisha[79][80] in the medieval times, and in Bengal during its renaissance. Many people suggest that Ramanuja travelled from Chola to Mysore and established the Vaishnav group before their death. It came to India towards the beginning of the 13th century A.D. and with the rise of the Muslim power Sufism became more popular. [23][26] Scholars[27][28] have debated whether this phrase is authentic or later insertion into the Upanishad, and whether the terms "Bhakti" and "God" meant the same in this ancient text as they do in the medieval and modern era Bhakti traditions found in India. [63][82] These writers championed a spectrum of philosophical positions ranging from theistic dualism, qualified nondualism and absolute monism. [1], The movement started with the Shaiva Nayanars[44] and the Vaishnava Alvars, who lived between 5th and 9th century CE. One who practices bhakti is called a bhakta. 2. It describes the love of Lord Radha and Krishna. The principles and features of the Bhakti movement are interconnected. Usually it is accepted that the most characteristic feature of the religious development during the medieval period was the movement which emphasized single-minded intense devotion to God. Its results have deeply influenced contemporary religious and cultural trends in India. God could only be found by love, dedicati Answer: The term Bhakti which means devotion, originated as a news of worshipping God. The Bhakti saints were social reformers also. [127], Some Sikh sects outside the Punjab-region of India, such as those found in Maharashtra and Bihar, practice Aarti with lamps in a Gurdwara. They condemned the hatred of the fanatic Pandits and Mullas alike. The use of the true name on a regular basis. Bhakti, in contrast, is spiritual, a love and devotion to religious concepts or principles, that engages both emotion and intellection. Christopher Key Chapple (Editor) and Winthrop Sargeant (Translator), Note: The earliest arrival dates are contested by scholars. Earlier, in the post-Vedic era, some gods and goddesses became famous among the worshippers, and since then, they started chanting the names of Shiva, Vishnu and Durga. Open- mindedness about deciding religious matters. [128][129] Arti and devotional prayer ceremonies are also found in Ravidassia sect, previously part of Sikhism. That God is one single entity, with different names. Updates? The exponents, including Kabir, Guru Nanak, Ramanuja, Chaitanya and Jaidev, promoted the idea of equality and unity among the different sections of society. The Bhakti movement aimed at the purification of Hindu religion and liberation of the people from the monopoly and injustices of the priestly classes. The Hindus realised that it was difficult to drive away the Muslim rulers and Muslims from India. Rejection of idol worship by many saints 7. The spiritual yearning made Kabir, Guru Nanak, Mirabai, Surdas, Tulsi Das, Chaitanya and others, the great exponents of Bhakti movement. As Bhakti movement stressed upon Bhakti or a passionate feeling of love for God, purification of the self was very essential for them. Sufism found adherents among both Muslims and Hindus. So subsequent Bhakti literatures were compiled in these languages and many Musilm writers also translated Sanskrit works into regional languages. [47] Early Tamil-Siva bhakti poets influenced Hindu texts that came to be revered all over India. In Bengal the love of God was considered analogous to the sentiments involved in human relationships, such as those felt by a servant toward his master, a friend toward a friend, a parent toward a child, a child toward a parent, and a woman toward her beloved. Bhakti movement in Odisha known as Jnana Misrita bhakti or Dadhya Bhakti which started in the 12th century by various scholars including Jayadeva and it was in the form of mass movement in the 14th century. Shankaracharya is claimed to have been a child genius who knew all the Hindu sacred books by eight. As a result, sacrifices and everyday rituals had no place in the Bhakti movement, Because the Bhakti saints preached in common peoples languages, they made significant contributions to forming current Indian languages like Hindi, Marathi, Bengali, and Gujarati, The Bhakti movement was only partially successful in achieving its two-fold goal of bringing about changes in Hinduism and creating amicable relations between Hindus and Muslims, The Rama-Sita or Radha-Krishna cult was not embraced by the Turko-Afghan rulers or the Muslim population, It is also possibly exaggerated to claim that the Bhakti movement influenced Akbars broad vision. [100] Of community kitchen concepts, the vegetarian Guru ka Langar introduced by Nanak became a well-established institution over time, starting with northwest India, and expanding to everywhere Sikh communities are found. Her research and teaching interests revolve around two Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Sikhism. They want some solace to repair their broken hearts, The most significant social influence of the Bhakti movement was that its adherents disregarded the caste system, They started mixing on the premise of equality. With supreme devotion to the Almighty one could realize Him. 2. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Content Filtration 6. Rejection of idol worship by many saints Open- mindedness about deciding religious matters. Privacy Policy 9. [10][52][53] This view is contested by some scholars,[53] with Rekha Pande stating that singing ecstatic bhakti hymns in local language was a tradition in south India before Muhammad was born. Solution Verified by Toppr Following are the main features of Bhakti: This was the result of people's struggle to free the religion from control of the priests and varna boundaries. This was on account of the spirit of toleration preached by the Bhakti saints. Content Guidelines 2. For instance the language of Kabir was a mixture of several languages of every day use. Right from the time of the compilation of the Vedas, the word Bhakti has come into vogue. No distinction of different castes, higher or low. The spirit of tolerance, harmony and mutual respect which was inaugurated by the Bhakti saints had another everlasting impact the emergence of a new cult of worship by both Hindus and Muslims. Bhakti, intense love and devotion, the only way to salvation. Therefore, to provide a deep study of the revolution, the write-up will discuss the role, salient. Self-Surrender. Supreme Wisdom, which can be taken as basically non-theistic and as an independent wisdom tradition (not dependent on the Vedas), appears fused with the highest level of bhakti and with the highest level of God-realization. In this article, we will learn about the great ruler, Razia sultan, and the monument, Alai Darwaza. This marked the beginning of an era of Muslim hegemony in India that lasted far into the 1700s. Answer: Only one God exists. Condemnation of rituals, ceremonies and blind faith. The saints of Bhakti movement and the Sufi saints spread message of friendship, amity, tolerance, peace and equality among all. image source: tamilandvedas.files.wordpress.com/2014/06/maharashtriyan_saint_-_1__24877_zoom.jpg. He suggested uniting the Hindus and Muslims by uniting their lords. The Bhakti movement received its impetus from the presence of iconoclastic Muslim preachers who stressed upon the unity of God, vehemently criticized the Hindu religion and thought and attempted to convert Hindus to their religion by resorting to all kinds of means. That is why Bhakti movement has often been presented as a Hindu response to the egalitarian message of Islam and its spread among the lower classes of Hindu society. Main features of the Bhaktti Movement were; Believe in the unity of God Preaching of love and mutual respect Surrender to the will of God Negation of blind faith Negation of unethical ritual and customs Condemn caste system Negation of idol's worshiping and so on. [55], According to Wendy Doniger, the nature of Bhakti movement may have been affected by the "surrender to God" daily practices of Islam when it arrived in India. And the answer is the Bhakti movement. Through the Indo-European language connection, early orientalists believed that they were, in a sense, seeing their own ancestry in the antique texts and "antiquated" customs of Indian peoples. [14] Bhakti refers to deep devotion (to a deity). [120][121][122] Guru Arjan, in his Sukhmani Sahib, recommended the true religion is one of loving devotion to God. The movement attempted to infuse a spirit of piety in the daily life of the people.

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